lincoln cathedral

History

History Remigius de Fécamp Remigius de Fécamp Remigius de Fécamp was a Benedictine monk who was a supporter of William the Conqueror.-Early life:Remigius held the office of almoner at Fécamp Abbey. He was related to William in some unknown manner... , first bishop of Lincoln, ordered the first cathedral to be built in Lincoln, in 1072. Before that, St. Mary's Church in Lincoln was a mother church but not a cathedral Cathedral A cathedral is a Christian church that contains the seat of a bishop... , and the seat of the diocese was at Dorchester Abbey in Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. Lincoln was more central to a diocese that stretched from the Thames to the Humber. Bishop Remigius Remigius de Fécamp Remigius de Fécamp was a Benedictine monk who was a supporter of William the Conqueror.-Early life:Remigius held the office of almoner at Fécamp Abbey. He was related to William in some unknown manner... built the first Lincoln Cathedral on the present site, finishing it in 1092 and then dying two days before it was to be consecrated Consecration Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service, usually religious. The word "consecration" literally means "to associate with the sacred". Persons, places, or things can be consecrated, and the term is used in various ways by different groups.A synonym for consecration is to... on May 9 of that year. In 1141, the timber roofing was destroyed in a fire. Bishop Alexander Alexander of Lincoln Alexander of Lincoln was a medieval English bishop of Lincoln and member of an important administrative and ecclesiastical family. He was the nephew of Roger of Salisbury, the Bishop of Salisbury and Chancellor of England under King Henry I. Alexander was also related to other ecclesiastics,... rebuilt and expanded the cathedral, but it was destroyed by an earthquake Earthquake An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves... about forty years later, in 1185. After the earthquake, a new bishop was appointed. The new bishop was St Hugh of Lincoln Hugh of Lincoln Hugh of Lincoln was at the time of the Reformation the best-known English saint after Thomas Becket.-Life:... , originally from Avalon Avalon Avalon is a legendary island featured in the Arthurian legend, famous for its beautiful apples... , France France France , officially the French Republic , is a state in Western Europe with several of its overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea,... ; he began a massive rebuilding and expansion programme. Rebuilding began at the east end of the cathedral, with an apse and five small radiating chapels. The central nave was then built in the Early English Gothic Gothic architecture Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.... style. Lincoln Cathedral soon followed other architectural advances of the time - pointed arches, flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting were added to the cathedral. This allowed the creation and support of larger windows. The cathedral is the 3rd largest in Britain (in floor space) after St Paul's St Paul's Cathedral St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral on Ludgate Hill, the highest point in the City of London, England, and is the seat of the Bishop of London. The present building dates from the 17th century and was designed by Sir Christopher Wren. It is generally reckoned to be London's fifth St Paul's... and York Minster York Minster York Minster is a Gothic cathedral in York, England and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe alongside Cologne Cathedral. The Minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest office of the Church of England, and is cathedral for the Diocese of York; it is run by a... , being by . It is Lincolnshire's largest building and until 1549 the spire was reputedly the tallest medieval tower in Europe, though the exact height has been a matter of debate. Accompanying the cathedral's large bell, Great Tom of Lincoln, is a quarter-hour striking clock. The clock was installed in the early 19th century. There are thirteen bells in the south-west tower, two in the north west tower, and five in the central tower (including Great Tom). The matching Dean's Eye and Bishop’s Eye were added to the cathedral during the late Middle Ages. The former, the Dean's Eye in the north transept dates from the 1192 rebuild begun by St Hugh, it was finally completed in 1235. The latter, the Bishop’s eye, in the south transept was re-constructed 100 years later in 1330. A contemporary record, “The Metrical Life of St Hugh”, refers to the meaning of these two windows (one on the dark, north, side and the other on the light, south, side of the building): “For north represents the devil, and south the Holy Spirit and it is in these directions that the two eyes look. The bishop faces the south in order to invite in and the dean the north in order to shun; the one takes care to be saved, the other takes care not to perish. With these Eyes the cathedral’s face is on watch for the candelabra of Heaven and the darkness of Lethe (oblivion).” After the additions of the Dean’s eye and other major Gothic additions it is believed some mistakes in the support of the tower occurred, for in 1237 the main tower collapsed. A new tower was soon started and in 1255 the Cathedral petitioned Henry III Henry III of England Henry III was the son and successor of John as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 to his death. His contemporaries knew him as Henry of Winchester. He was the first child king in England since the reign of Æthelred the Unready... to allow them to take down part of the town wall to enlarge and expand the Cathedral, including the rebuilding of the central tower and spire. They replaced the small rounded chapels (built at the time of St Hugh) with a larger east end to the cathedral. This was to handle the increasing number of pilgrims to the Cathedral, who came to worship at the shrine of Hugh of Lincoln Hugh of Lincoln Hugh of Lincoln was at the time of the Reformation the best-known English saint after Thomas Becket.-Life:... . In 1290 Eleanor of Castile died. As his Queen Consort of England, King Edward I Edward I of England Edward I , also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons... decided to honour her with an elegant funeral procession. After embalming, which in the thirteenth century involved evisceration, Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln cathedral, and Edward placed a duplicate of the Westminster Westminster Abbey The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to popularly and informally as Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic church, in Westminster, London, England, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster... tomb there. The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and replaced with a 19th-century copy. On the outside of Lincoln Cathedral are two prominent statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor, but these images were heavily restored in the 19th century and probably were not originally intended to depict the couple. Between the years 1307 and 1311 the central tower was raised to its present height of 83 m Metre The metre , symbol m, is the base unit of length in the International System of Units . Originally intended to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole, its definition has been periodically refined to reflect growing knowledge of metrology... (271 feet). The western towers and front of the cathedral were also improved and heightened. At this time, a tall lead-encased wooden spire topped the central tower but was blown down in a storm in 1548. With its spire, the tower reputedly reached a height of 525 feet (160 m) (which would have made it the world's tallest structure, surpassing the Great Pyramid of Giza Great Pyramid of Giza The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact... , which held the record for almost 4000 years). This height is agreed by most sources but has been doubted by others. Other additions to the cathedral at this time included its elaborate carved screen and the 14th century misericords, as was the Angel choir. For a large part of the length of the cathedral, the walls have arches in relief with a second layer in front giving the illusion of a passageway along the wall. However the illusion does not work, as the stonemason, copying techniques from France, did not make the arches the correct length needed for the illusion effect. In 1398 John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford Katherine Swynford Katherine Swynford , née Roet , was the daughter of Payne de Roet, a Flemish herald from Hainault.Katherine became the third wife of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and their descendants were the Beaufort family, which... founded a chantry Chantry Chantry is the English term for a fund established to pay for a priest to celebrate a series of sung Masses for a specified purpose, generally for the soul of the deceased donor. Chantries thus came to own lands given by donors, the income from which went to maintain the chantry priest... there to pray for their souls, and in the 15th century the building of the cathedral turned to chantry or memorial chapels. The chapels next to the Angel Choir were built in the Perpendicular style, with an emphasis on strong vertical lines, which survive today in the window tracery and wall panelling. Magna Carta The Bishop of Lincoln, Hugh of Wells, was one of the signatories to the Magna Carta Magna Carta Magna Carta, also called Magna Carta Libertatum , is an English legal charter, originally issued in the year 1215. It was written in Latin and is known by its Latin name... and for hundreds of years the Cathedral has held one of the four remaining copies of the original which is now securely displayed in Lincoln Castle Lincoln Castle Lincoln Castle is a major castle constructed in Lincoln, England during the late 11th century by William the Conqueror on the site of a pre-existing Roman fortress. It remained in use as a prison and law court into modern times, and is one of the better preserved castles in England; the Crown... . There are three other surviving copies; two at the British Library British Library The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom. The library is one of the world's largest research libraries, holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats: books, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, patents, databases, maps, stamps,... and one at Salisbury Cathedral Salisbury Cathedral Salisbury Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in Salisbury, England, considered one of the leading examples of Early English architecture.The main body was completed in only 38 years.... . In 2009 the Lincoln Magna Carta was loaned to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Ronald Reagan Presidential Library The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Center for Public Affairs is the presidential library and final resting place of Ronald Wilson Reagan, the 40th President of the United States. Designed by Hugh Stubbins and Associates, the library is located in Simi Valley, California, about northwest of... in Simi Valley, California. The Lincoln Imp One of the stone carvings within the Cathedral is the Lincoln Imp Lincoln Imp The Lincoln Imp is the symbol of the City of Lincoln, the county town of Lincolnshire, England.According to a 14th-century legend two mischievous creatures called imps were sent by Satan to do evil work on Earth. After causing mayhem in Northern England, the two imps headed to Lincoln Cathedral... . There are several variations of the legend surrounding the figure. According to 14th-century legend, two mischievous creatures called imps were sent by Satan to do evil work on Earth. After causing mayhem elsewhere in Northern England the two imps headed to Lincoln Cathedral where they smashed tables and chairs and tripped up the Bishop. An angel appeared in the Angel Choir and ordered them to stop. One of the imps sat atop a stone pillar and started throwing rocks at the angel whilst the other imp cowered under the broken tables and chairs. The angel turned the first imp to stone allowing the second imp to escape. The imp that turned to stone, the Lincoln Imp, can still be found, frozen in stone, sitting atop his stone column in the Angel Choir. Wren library The Wren Library houses a rare collection of over 277 manuscripts, including the text of the Venerable Bede. Rose Windows Lincoln Cathedral features two major rose windows, which are a highly uncommon feature among medieval architecture in England. On the north side of the cathedral there is the “Dean’s Eye” which survives from the original structure of the building and on the south side there is the “Bishop’s Eye” which was most likely rebuilt circa 1325-1350. This south window is one of the largest examples of curvilinear tracery seen in medieval architecture. Curvilinear tracery is a form of tracery where the patterns are continuous curves. This form was often done within pointed arches and squared windows because those are the easiest shapes, so the circular space of the window was a unique challenge to the designers. A solution was created that called for the circle to be divided down into smaller shapes that would make it simpler to design and create. Curves were drawn within the window which created four distinct areas of the circle. This made the spaces within the circle where the tracery would go much smaller, and easier to work with. This window is also interesting and unique in that the focus of the tracery was shifted away from the center of the circle and instead placed in other sections. The glazing of the window was equally as difficult as the tracery for many of the same reason; therefore, the designers made a decision to cut back on the amount of iconography within the window. Most cathedral windows during this time displayed many colorful images of the bible; however at Lincoln there are very few images. Some of those images that can be seen within the window include saints Paul, Andrew, and James. Wooden Trusses Wooden trusses offer a solid and reliable source of support for building because through their joints they are able to resist damage and remain strong. Triangles are the strongest shape because no matter where the force is being placed on them they are able to use their three joints to their fullest extent in order to withstand the forces being placed on it. Making trusses with triangles inside of larger triangles adds even more strength, as seen in Lincoln’s choir. The design of all wooden trusses is a tedious task as there are many different things that need to be considered while building these supports. There are many different ways that the trusses can fail if they are not designed or built properly, therefore it is crucial to design trusses that suit a specific building with specific needs in mind. The simplest form of a truss is an A frame; however, the great amount of outward thrust generated here often times causes the truss to fail. The addition of a tie beam creates a triangular shape, although this beam can sometimes sag if the overall truss is too large. Neither one of these examples would have been suitable for Lincoln due to the sheer size of the roof. They would have failed to support the building, therefore collar beams and queen posts were added to the design in order to help prevent sagging. To protect against wind damage, braces were added. Secondary rafters were also added to the design to ensure that the weight was equally distributed. Saint Hugh’s Choir has a total of thirty six trusses keeping the roof in place, and it is held up entirely by using its own weight and forces. Vaults One major architectural feature of Lincoln Cathedral are the spectacular vaults. The varying vaults within the cathedral are said to be both original and experimental. Simply comparing the different vaults seen in Lincoln clearly shows that a great deal of creativity was involved when designing the cathedral. The vaults especially, clearly define the experimental aspect seen at Lincoln. There are several different kinds of vaults that differ between the nave, aisles, choir, and chapels of the cathedral. Along the North Aisle there is a continuous ridge rib with a regular arcade that ignores the bays. Meanwhile, on the South Aisle there is a discontinuous ridge rib that puts an emphasis on each separate bay. The North West Chapel has quadripartite vaults and the South Chapel has vaults that stem from one central support columns. The use of sexpartite vaults allowed for more natural light to enter the cathedral through the clerestory windows, which were placed inside of each separate bay. Saint Hugh’s Choir exhibits extremely unusual vaults. It is a series of asymmetrical vaults that appear to almost be a diagonal line created by two ribs on one side translating into only a single rib on the other side of the vault. This pattern divides up the space of the vaults and bays, perfectly placing the emphasis on the bays. The chapter house vaults are also interesting. It is a circular building with one column where twenty ribs extend from. Each separate area of Lincoln can be identified solely by the different vaults of the space. Each vault, or each variation of the vault, is fresh and original. They illustrate innovative thinking and great creativity. There is no doubt that these vaults, and all of the other experimental aspects of Lincoln came with a slight risk; however the results are truly wonderful. Today According to the cathedral website, over £1 million a year is spent on keeping the cathedral in shape; the most recent project completed has been the restoration of the West Front in 2000. About ten years ago it was discovered that the flying buttress Flying buttress A flying buttress, or arc-boutant, is a specific type of buttress usually found on religious buildings, not all of which are cathedrals. They are used to transmit the horizontal force of a vaulted ceiling through the walls and across an intervening space , to a counterweight outside the building... es on the east end were no longer connected to the adjoining stonework, and repairs were made to prevent collapse. The most recent problem was the discovery that the stonework of the Dean's Eye window in the transept was crumbling, meaning that a complete reconstruction of the window has had to be carried out according to the conservation criteria set out by the International Council on Monuments and Sites International Council on Monuments and Sites The International Council on Monuments and Sites is a professional association that works for the conservation and protection of cultural heritage places around the world... . There was a period of great anxiety when it emerged that the stonework only needed to shift 5mm for the entire window to collapse. Specialist engineers removed the window's tracery before installing a strengthened, more stable replacement. In addition to this the original stained glass was cleaned and set behind a new clear isothermal glass which offers better protection from the elements. By April 2006 the renovation project was completed at a cost of £2 million. Recently, concerns have been growing once more about the state of the West Front, as there has been some stonework falling, which has raised questions as to the effectiveness of the repairs carried out in 2000. Lincoln Cathedral is at present a very popular destination and is visited by over 250,000 tourists a year. The semi-mandatory entrance fee for weekday visiting is £6.00, which is charged on admission throughout the tourist season. The cathedral offers tours of the cathedral, the tower and the roof. The peak of its season is the Lincoln Christmas Market Lincoln Christmas Market Lincoln Christmas Market, held in Lincoln, England, is one of the largest Christmas markets in Europe, attracting up to 250,000 visitors over the four day event.... , accompanied by a massive annual production of Handel's George Frideric Handel George Frideric Handel was a German-English Baroque composer who is famous for his operas, oratorios, and concertos. Handel was born in Germany in the same year as JS Bach and Domenico Scarlatti. He received critical musical training in Italy before settling in London and becoming a naturalised... Messiah Messiah (Handel) Messiah is an English oratorio composed by George Frideric Handel, and is one of the most popular works in the Western choral literature. The libretto by Charles Jennens is drawn entirely from the King James and Great Bibles, and interprets the Christian doctrine of the Messiah... . The current Bishop of Lincoln is Dr John Saxbee. The current Dean of the Cathedral is the Very Reverend Philip Buckler Philip Buckler The Very Reverend Philip John Warr Buckler, MA is the current Dean of Lincoln; a post he has held since 2006.-Education:Buckler was educated at Highgate School and St Peter's College, Oxford before training for the priesthood at Cuddesdon College, Oxford.-Ministry:From 1972 to 1975, Buckler was... , who had previously been Canon Treasurer of St. Paul's Cathedral in London. Choir The Choir is currently formed of 10 Lay Vicars (three of whom are choral scholars), a team of c. 20 boys and a team of c. 20 girls. The Cathedral accepted female choristers in 1995. Lincoln was only the second Cathedral in the country to adopt a separate girls' choir, after Salisbury Cathedral Salisbury Cathedral Salisbury Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in Salisbury, England, considered one of the leading examples of Early English architecture.The main body was completed in only 38 years.... , and remains one of few who provide exactly the same musical opportunities and equal weekly singing duties to both girls and boys. All the choristers are educated at Lincoln Minster School Lincoln Minster School Lincoln Minster School is an independent co-educational day and boarding school in Lincolnshire, England. It houses scholars in music, sport and academics. It comprises three schools: the pre-preparatory, preparatory, senior school and sixth form... . The Director of Music is Aric Prentice, who conducts the choir of girls and men, and the Assistant Director of Music & Sub-Organist is Charles Harrison, who conducts the choir of boys and men. The Organist Laureate is Colin Walsh Colin Walsh Colin David Walsh is a former Scottish footballer.Born in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Walsh started his career under manager Brian Clough at . He made his league debut for Forest on 29 November 1980 as a substitute in a 1–1 draw at Coventry City aged 18. Walsh was picked for the Scottish... , previously Organist and Master of the Choristers, and the Assistant Organist is Benjamin Chewter. Like any great cathedral, Lincoln has had its share of organists who have achieved international renown: perhaps the most famous is William Byrd William Byrd William Byrd was an English composer of the Renaissance. He wrote in many of the forms current in England at the time, including various types of sacred and secular polyphony, keyboard and consort music.-Provenance:Our knowledge of Byrd's biography has expanded in recent years, thanks largely to... , the Renaissance composer. Although it is uncertain whether Byrd was born in Lincoln as has been claimed, he was organist at the Cathedral from 1563 until 1572 and continued to compose works specifically for the cathedral choir after his departure. Organ The organ is one of the finest examples of the work of 'Father' Henry Willis Henry Willis Henry Willis was a British organ player and builder, who is regarded as the foremost organ builder of the Victorian era.-Early Life and work:... , dating from 1898 (it was his last cathedral organ before his death in 1901). There have been two restorations of it by Harrison & Harrison Harrison & Harrison Harrison & Harrison Ltd are a British company that make and restore pipe organs, based in Durham and established in 1861. They are well known for their work on instruments such as King's College Cambridge, Westminster Abbey and the Royal Festival Hall.... in 1960 and 1998. The specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register. Organists * 1439 John Ingleton * 1489 John Davy * 1490 John Warcup * 1506 Leonard Pepir * 1508 Thomas Ashwell * 1518 John Watkins * 1524 John Gilbert * 1528 Robert Dove * 1538 Thomas Appilby * 1539 James Crowe * 1541 Thomas Appilby * 1563 William Byrd William Byrd William Byrd was an English composer of the Renaissance. He wrote in many of the forms current in England at the time, including various types of sacred and secular polyphony, keyboard and consort music.-Provenance:Our knowledge of Byrd's biography has expanded in recent years, thanks largely to... * 1572 Thomas Butler * 1593 William Boys * 1594 John Hilton * 1599 Thomas Kingston * 1616 John Wanlesse * 1660 Thomas Mudd * 1663 Andrew Hecht * 1670 John Reading * 1693 Thomas Hecht * 1693 Thomas Allinson * 1704 George Holmes * 1721 Charles Murgatroy * 1741 William Middlebrook * 1756 Lloyd Raynor * 1784 John Hasted * 1794 George Skelton * 1850 John Matthew Wilson Young John Matthew Wilson Young John Matthew Wilson Young was an English organist. He was elder brother to William James Young , also a well known English organist. John M.W. Young was buried in the cemetery at East Gate in Lincoln... * 1895 George Bennett George John Bennett (organist) George John Bennett was an English cathedral organist, who served in Lincoln Cathedral.-Background:George John Bennett was born on 5 May 1863 in Andover, Hampshire. He studied at the Royal Academy of Music and also abroad under Josef Rheinberger.-References:... * 1930 Gordon Archbold Slater Gordon Archbold Slater Gordon Archbold Slater was an English cathedral organist, who served in Leicester Cathedral and Lincoln Cathedral.-Background:Gordon Archbold Slater was born on 1 March 1896 in Harrogate.He was a composer of organ, piano and choral music.... * 1966 Philip Marshall Philip Marshall Philip Marshall was an English cathedral organist, who served in Lincoln Cathedral and Ripon Cathedral-Career:Organist of:*St Botolph's Church, Boston *Ripon Cathedral *Lincoln Cathedral -References:... * 1986 David Flood * 1988 Colin Walsh From 2003 the post was divided: Colin Walsh became Organist Laureate and Aric Prentice was appointed Director of Music. Assistant organists Articled pupils fulfilled the role of assistant organist until 1893 when the Chapter formalised the position of assistant organist. * John Hilton ???? - 1594 * William James Young 1857 - 1858 (brother of the organist) * William Thomas Freemantle 1870 - ???? * Ernest Wood ???? - 1882 * W. R. Pullein * Frank Pullein 1893 - 1894 * Edgar Robinson 1895 - 1899 (afterwards organist of Gainsborough Parish Church) * John Pullein ???? - 1903 (afterwards organist of St. Peter's Church, Harrogate St. Peter's Church, Harrogate St. Peter's Church, Harrogate is a parish church in the Church of England located in Harrogate.-History:The church was formed out of the parish of Christ Church, High Harrogate.... * Frederick David Linley Penny 1917 - 1921 * William Wells Hewitt 1922 - 1926 (afterwards organist of Church of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon) * Edward Francis Reginald Woolley 1926 - 1930 (later organist of Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent The Church of St. Mary Magadalene, Newark-on-Trent is a parish church in the Church of England in Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire.The church is Grade I listed by the Department for Culture, Media & Sport as a building of outstanding architectural or historic interest.-Building:It is notable for... ) * Willis Grant Willis Grant Willis Grant was an English cathedral organist, who served in St. Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham.-Background:Willis Grant was born on 1 May 1907 in Bolton, Lancashire. He was educated at Astley Bridge School... 1931 - 1936 (afterwards organist of St. Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham) * Clifford Hewis 1936 - ???? * Roger Bryan 1975 - 1992 (later organist of Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent The Church of St. Mary Magadalene, Newark-on-Trent is a parish church in the Church of England in Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire.The church is Grade I listed by the Department for Culture, Media & Sport as a building of outstanding architectural or historic interest.-Building:It is notable for... ) * James Antony Vivian 1992 - 1993 (acting) * Jeffrey Makinson 1994 - 1999 (afterwards assistant organist of Manchester Cathedral Manchester Cathedral Manchester Cathedral is a medieval church on Victoria Street in central Manchester and is the seat of the Bishop of Manchester. The cathedral's official name is The Cathedral and Collegiate Church of St Mary, St Denys and St George in Manchester... ) * Simon Morley 1999 - 2003 * Charles Harrison (Assistant Director of Music and Sub Organist 2003- ) * Julian Thomas * Stephen Bullamore (now organist of Waltham Abbey Waltham Abbey (abbey) The Abbey Church of Waltham Holy Cross has been a place of worship since at least 1030, and is in the town of Waltham Abbey, Essex, England. The Prime Meridian passes through its grounds.-History:... ) * Richard Apperley 2005 - 2007 (currently Assistant Organist of Wellington Cathedral of Saint Paul Wellington Cathedral of Saint Paul thumb|View of the chancelThe Wellington Cathedral of St Paul is the cathedral church of the Anglican Diocese of Wellington and the seat of its bishop of Wellington.... in New Zealand) * Benjamin Chewter 2008 - current See also the List of Organ Scholars at Lincoln Cathedral. Literature * An important scene in D. H. Lawrence D. H. Lawrence David Herbert Richards Lawrence was an English author, poet, playwright, essayist and literary critic. His collected works represent an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation... 's novel, The Rainbow, takes place at Lincoln Cathedral. * The cathedral features in Ken Follett Ken Follett Ken Follett is a British author of thrillers and historical novels. He has sold more than 100 million copies of his works. Four of his books have reached the number 1 ranking on the New York Times best-seller list : The Key to Rebecca, Lie Down with Lions, Triple and World Without End.-Early... 's novel The Pillars of the Earth The Pillars of the Earth The Pillars of the Earth is a historical novel by Ken Follett published in 1989 about the building of a cathedral in Kingsbridge, England. It is set in the middle of the twelfth century, primarily during the time sometimes called The Anarchy, between the time of the sinking of the White Ship and... . Film * The cathedral was used for the filming of The Da Vinci Code (based on the book of the same name The Da Vinci Code The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 mystery-detective fiction novel written by an American author, Dan Brown. It follows symbologist Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu as they investigate a murder in Paris's Louvre Museum and discover a battle between the Priory of Sion and Opus Dei over the possibility of... ). Filming took place mainly within the cloisters and chapter house of the cathedral, and remained a closed set. The Cathedral took on the role of Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to popularly and informally as Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic church, in Westminster, London, England, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster... , as the Abbey had refused to permit filming. Although there was protest at the filming, the filming was completed by the end of August 2005. In order to make the Lincoln chapter house appear similar to the Westminster Chapter House, murals were painted on a special layer over the existing wall, and elsewhere polystyrene replicas of Isaac Newton's tomb and other Abbey monuments were set up. For a time these murals and replicas remained in the Chapter House, as part of a Da Vinci Code exhibit for visitors, but in January 2008 they were all sold off in an auction to raise money for the Cathedral. * The cathedral also doubled as Westminster Abbey for the film Young Victoria, filmed in September 2007. Wartime history * Lincolnshire was home to many RAF Bomber Command RAF Bomber Command RAF Bomber Command was the organisation that controlled the RAF's bomber forces from 1936 to 1968. During World War II, the command destroyed a significant proportion of Nazi Germany's industries and many German cities, and in the 1960s was at the peak of its postwar power with the V bombers and a... airfields during the Second World War, giving rise to a nickname of 'Bomber County'. Lincoln Cathedral was an easily recognisable landmark for crews returning from raids over Germany, and as such took on much importance to the men. Appropriately, it currently has the only memorial in the United Kingdom dedicated to Bomber Command in the Second World War. See also * Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England The medieval cathedrals of England, dating from between approximately 1040 and 1540, are a group of twenty-six buildings which together constitute a major aspect of the country’s artistic heritage and are among the most significant material symbols of Christianity. Though diversified in style, they... * Church of England Church of England The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the oldest among the communion's thirty-eight independent national and regional churches... * English Gothic architecture English Gothic architecture English Gothic is the name of the architectural style that flourished in England from about 1180 until about 1520.-Introduction:As with the Gothic architecture of other parts of Europe, English Gothic is defined by its pointed arches, vaulted roofs, buttresses, large windows, and spires... * List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom * List of tallest churches * Romanesque architecture Romanesque architecture Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of Medieval Europe, characterized by semi-circular arches, and evolving into the Gothic style, characterised by pointed arches, beginning in the 12th century... External links * Choir Association Website * Lincoln Cathedral Official Website * The Cathedral Church of Lincoln: a history and description of its fabric * Large collection of pictures and info on Lincoln Cathedral * Thayer's site; includes one whole book on the church * The Association of the Friends of Lincoln Cathedral * Capturing Lincoln Cathedral * Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace – Lincoln Cathedral Pages * A history of the choristers of Lincoln Cathedral * Flickr images tagged Lincoln Cathedral * Conserving the Dean's Eye window, Ingenia Magazine, December 2007 * Spire graphical reconstruction * Detailed historic record for Lincoln Cathedral

Язык оригинала: английский—Определить язык—азербайджанский ALPHAалбанскийанглийскийарабскийармянский ALPHAафрикаансбаскский ALPHAбелорусскийболгарскийваллийскийвенгерскийвьетнамскийгалисийскийголландскийгреческийгрузинский ALPHAдатскийивритидишиндонезийскийирландскийисландскийиспанскийитальянскийкаталанскийкитайскийкорейскийКреольский (Гаити) ALPHAлатышскийлитовскиймакедонскиймалайскиймальтийскийнемецкийнорвежскийперсидскийпольскийпортугальскийрумынскийрусскийсербскийсловацкийсловенскийсуахилитагальскийтайскийтурецкийукраинскийурду ALPHAфинскийфранцузскийхиндихорватскийчешскийшведскийэстонскийяпонский Язык перевода: русский—азербайджанский ALPHAалбанскийанглийскийарабскийармянский ALPHAафрикаансбаскский ALPHAбелорусскийболгарскийваллийскийвенгерскийвьетнамскийгалисийскийголландскийгреческийгрузинский ALPHAдатскийивритидишиндонезийскийирландскийисландскийиспанскийитальянскийкаталанскийкитайский (традиционный)китайский (упрощенный)корейскийКреольский (Гаити) ALPHAлатышскийлитовскиймакедонскиймалайскиймальтийскийнемецкийнорвежскийперсидскийпольскийпортугальскийрумынскийрусскийсербскийсловацкийсловенскийсуахилитагальскийтайскийтурецкийукраинскийурду ALPHAфинскийфранцузскийхиндихорватскийчешскийшведскийэстонскийяпонский

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История

Ремигия де Fécamp
Ремигия де Fécamp
Ремигия де Fécamp был монах-бенедиктинец, который был сторонником Уильяма Conqueror.-Биография: Ремигия занимал должность работник социального обеспечения в Fécamp аббатстве. Он был связан с Уильямом каким-то неизвестным образом ...

, Первый епископ Линкольна, приказал первый собор, построенный в Линкольне, в 1072. До этого, церковь Св. Марии в Линкольн был церковь матери, но не собор
Собор
Собор христианской церкви, которая содержит резиденцией епископа ...

, А также место епархии был Дорчестер аббатстве в Дорчестер-на-Темзе, графство Оксфордшир. Линкольн был одним из центральных в епархии, которые простирались от Темзы до Хамбер. Епископ Ремигия
Ремигия де Fécamp
Ремигия де Fécamp был монах-бенедиктинец, который был сторонником Уильяма Conqueror.-Биография: Ремигия занимал должность работник социального обеспечения в Fécamp аббатстве. Он был связан с Уильямом каким-то неизвестным образом ...

построен первый собор Линкольна на настоящем сайте, закончить его в 1092 году, а затем умирает два дня до этого должен был быть освящен
Освящение
Освящение является торжественная преданность специального назначения или услуги, как правило, религиозным. Слово "освящение" буквально означает "связывать со священным". Лица, места или вещи могут быть освящен, и этот термин используется по-разному разными groups.A синоним для освящения является ...

9 мая этого года. В 1141 году, кровельные лес был уничтожен в результате пожара. Епископ Александр
Александр Линкольна
Александр Линкольн был средневековый английский епископ Линкольна и член важные административные и церковные семьи. Он был племянником Роже Солсбери, епископ Солсбери и канцлер Англии во времена короля Генриха I. Александр был также связан с другими священнослужителями, ...

перестроен и расширен собор, но он был разрушен в результате землетрясения
Землетрясение
Землетрясение является результатом внезапного высвобождения энергии в земной коре, который создает сейсмические волны ...

около 40 лет спустя, в 1185 году.


После землетрясения, новый епископ был назначен. Новый епископ был Санкт Хью Линкольна
Хью Линкольна
Хью Линкольна во время Реформации самый известный английский святого Фомы после Becket.-Life: ...

, Родом из Авалона
Авалон
Авалон легендарный остров признакам в Артуре легенда, известный своими прекрасными яблоками ...

, Франция
Франция
Франция, официальное название Французская Республика является государством в Западной Европе, с несколькими из своих заморских территорий и островов, расположенных на других континентах и в Индийском, Тихом и Атлантическом океанах. Митрополит Франции простирается от Средиземного моря до Английский канал и Северное море, ...

, Он начал массовое восстановление и расширение программы. Реконструкция началась в восточной части храма, с апсидой и 5 малых излучающих часовни. Центральный неф был построен в начале английской готики
Готическая архитектура
Готическая архитектура стиля архитектуры, которая процветала в течение высокого и позднего средневековья. Он развился из романской архитектуры и сменил ренессансной архитектуры ....

стиль. Линкольн собор вскоре последовали другие архитектурные достижения того времени - стрельчатые арки, контрфорсы летать и ребристые своды были добавлены в собор. Это позволило создание и поддержка больших окон.

Собор третьей по величине в Великобритании (на площади), после апостола Павла
Собор Святого Павла
Собор Святого Павла является англиканский собор на Ludgate Hill, самая высокая точка в городе Лондон, Англия, и является резиденцией епископа Лондона. Настоящий здание построено в 17 веке и был разработан сэром Кристофером Реном. Как правило, рассчитывал быть Лондоне пятой Святого Павла ...

и-Йорке министр
-Йорке министр
Йорк министра является готический собор в Йорк, Англия и является одним из крупнейших в своем роде в Северной Европе, наряду с Кельнского собора. Министр является резиденцией архиепископа Йоркского, второго по величине служба Церкви Англии, и собора для епархии-Йорке, она находится в ведении a. ..

, Являясь. Это большое здание Линкольншир и до 1549 шпиль было известно высоким средневековым зданием в Европе, хотя точную высоту была предметом обсуждений. Сопровождающие большого колокола собора, Большой Том Линкольн, на четверть часа часы с боем. Часы были установлены в начале девятнадцатого века.

Есть 13 колоколов на башне на юго-запад, 2 в Северную башню на запад, и 5 в центральной башни (в том числе Великой Том).

Соответствие глаз Дин и глаз епископа были добавлены в собор во время позднего средневековья. Первый из них, глаза Дин на севере поперечный датируется 1192 начали восстанавливать по Санкт-Хью, он был окончательно завершен в 1235 году. Последний, глаза епископа, на юге трансепт было реконструировано 100 лет спустя в 1330 году. Современный рекорд "метрических Житие Хью", ссылается на значение этих 2 окна (1 на темной, на севере, и другую сторону на свете, юг, части здания):

"Для северной представляет собой дьявола, и юго Святого Духа, и именно в этих направлениях, что два глаза глядят. Епископ лица на юг, чтобы пригласить в и декан север, чтобы держаться в стороне; 1 заботится, чтобы спастись, другой заботится не погибнуть. В этих глазах лицо собора на часы для канделябры Неба и темнота Леты (забвения) ".



После добавления глаза Дина и других крупных готических дополнений считается, некоторые ошибки в поддержке башни произошло, потому что в 1237 главная башня рухнула. Новая башня вскоре началось и в 1255 году Собор обратился Генрих III
Генрих III Англии
Генрих III был сын и преемник Иоанна, как король Англии, царят 56 лет с 1216 до своей смерти. Современники знали его как Генри Винчестера. Он был первым царем ребенка в Англии, начиная с правления Æthelred нерешительный ...

чтобы дать им возможность снимать часть городской стены, чтобы увеличить и расширить собора, в том числе восстановление центральной башней и шпилем. Они заменили небольшие округлые часовни (построен во время Санкт-Хью) с большей восточной части в собор. Это было обрабатывать большее число паломников к собору, который пришел на поклонение в храме Хью Линкольна
Хью Линкольна
Хью Линкольна во время Реформации самый известный английский святого Фомы после Becket.-Life: ...

.

В 1290 году Элеонора Кастильская умерла. Как его супруги королевы Англии, король Эдуард I
Эдуард I Англии
Эдуард I, также известный как Лонгшанкс Эдвард и Молот шотландцев, король Англии с 1272 по 1307. Первый сын Генриха III, Эдуард был вовлечен в начале политических интриг царствования его отца, который включает прямой восстания баронов английского ...

решил почтить ее элегантный похоронной процессии. После бальзамирования, которая в тринадцатом веке участие потрошения, внутренних органов Элеоноры были похоронены в соборе Линкольна, и Эдвард положил дубликат Вестминстер
Вестминстерское аббатство
Церковь Святого Петра в Вестминстере, почти всегда ссылался на народе и в неофициальном порядке, как Вестминстерское аббатство, большой, в основном готический костел, в Вестминстер, Лондон, Англия, расположенный к западу от Вестминстерского дворца ...

могила там. оригинальные груди камень гробницы Линкольна выживает, его изображение было уничтожено в 17 веке и заменены 19-го века копии. На внешней стороне собора Линкольна два выдающихся статуи часто называют, как Эдвард и Элеонора, но эти изображения были в значительной степени восстановлен в 19 веке и, вероятно, не были изначально предназначены для изображения пара.

В период с 1307 и 1311 центральной башни была увеличена до ее нынешней высоты 83 м
Метр
Метров, символ т, базовой единицы длины в Международной системе единиц. Первоначально предполагается один 10-миллионный расстояния от экватора Земли к Северному полюсу, его определение было периодически с учетом результатов повышением осведомленности метрологии ...

(271 футов). Западной башни и перед собором были усовершенствованы и повышенной. В настоящее время высокий свинцово-заключенная деревянный шпиль возглавил центральной башни, но сдуло во время шторма в 1548 году. С его шпиль башни общему мнению достиг высоты 525 футов (160 м) (который сделал бы его высоким сооружением в мире, превосходя пирамиду Хеопса в Гизе
Великая Пирамида Гизы
Великая Пирамида Гизы является старейшим и самым крупным из трех пирамид в Гизе Некрополь граничащих то, что сейчас Эль-Гизе, Египет. Это самый старый из семи чудес древнего мира, и только один останется в основном нетронутыми ...

, Которая провела почти рекорд 4000 года). Эта высота согласовано большинство источников, но не ставились под сомнение другие. Другие дополнения к собору в это время входить в его искусные резные экраном и 14-м веке misericords, как хор Ангел. Для значительной части длины собор, стены арки в помощи со второго слоя в передней давая иллюзию проход вдоль стены. Однако иллюзия не работает, как каменщик, копирование методов из Франции, не сделать арки правильной длины, необходимых для иллюзию эффекта.

В 1398 Джон Гонт и Кэтрин Свинфорд
Кэтрин Свинфорд
Кэтрин Свинфорд, урожденная Roet, была дочерью де Пейн Roet, фламандский вестника с Hainault.Katherine стала третьей женой Джона Гонта, герцога Ланкастерского, и их потомки семьи Бофорта, которое ...

основана часовня
Часовня
Чантри является английский термин для фонда, созданного, чтобы заплатить за священником, чтобы отметить ряд поют масс для конкретных целей, как правило, для души умершего донора. Чантрис таким образом пришел к собственной земле, предоставленных донорами, доходы от которого пошли на поддержание часовня священник ...

там молиться за их души, и в 15 веке здание собора обратился к часовня и памятник часовни. Часовни рядом с Ангелом хора были построены в стиле перпендикулярной, с акцентом на сильные вертикальные линии, которые живут и сегодня в ажурное окно и вагонка.
Великая хартия вольностей

Епископ Линкольна, Хью Уэллс был одним из подписавших Великая хартия вольностей
Великая хартия вольностей
Великая хартия вольностей, которая также называется Великая хартия вольностей Libertatum, является английский правовых устав, первоначально выпущенный в 1215 году. Она была написана на латинском и известна своими латинское название ...

и в течение сотен лет Собор провел один из четырех оставшихся копий оригинального который в настоящее время надежно отображается в Линкольн-Касл
Линкольн-Касл
Линкольн Замок является одним из основных замок построен в Линкольне, Англия в конце 11 века Вильгельмом Завоевателем на месте ранее существовавшей римской крепости. Она по-прежнему используется в качестве тюрьмы и суд в современном мире, и один из лучших сохранившихся замков в Англии; короны ...

. Есть три других сохранившихся экземпляров; два в Британской библиотеке
Британская библиотека
Британская библиотека является национальной библиотекой Великобритании. Библиотека является одной из крупнейших библиотек в мире научных исследований, которые владеют более чем 150 000 000 пунктов во всех известных Языки и форматов: книги, журналы, газеты, журналы, звуко-и звукозаписи, патенты, базы данных, карты, почтовые марки, ...

и на 1 собора Солсбери
Собор Солсбери
Солсбери собор англиканской собор в Солсбери, Англии, считает один из ведущих примеры раннего английского architecture.The основная часть была закончена только в 38 лет ....

.

В 2009 году Линкольн Великая хартия вольностей был отдан в аренду Рональд Рейган Президентской библиотеки
Рональд Рейган Президентской библиотеки
Рональд Рейган Президентской библиотеки и Центра по связям с общественностью является президентской библиотеки и место последнего упокоения Рональд Уилсон Рейган, 40-й президент Соединенных Штатов. Дизайн и Хью Стабинс Associates, библиотека находится в Сими-Валли, штат Калифорния, около северо-западу от ...

в Сими-Валли, штат Калифорния.
Линкольн Imp



Один из резьбы по камню в собор Линкольна Imp
Линкольн Imp
Линкольн Imp является символом города Линкольн, графство Линкольншир города, England.According для 14-го века легенда два озорных существ под названием импов были направлены Сатаны творить зло работать на Земле. После нанесения увечий в Северной Англии, два импов во главе с Линкольном собора ...

. Есть несколько вариантов легенды вокруг фигуры.

В соответствии с 14-го века легенде, два озорных существ под названием импов были направлены Сатаны творить зло работать на Земле. После нанесения увечий в других районах Северной Англии два импов во главе с Линкольном собор, где они разбили столы и стулья, и подставляли епископ. Ангел явился Ангел в хор и приказал им остановиться. Один из чертенят СБ вершине каменный столб и начали бросать камни в то время как ангел других имп съежился под сломанной столы и стулья. Ангел оказался первым имп на камень позволяет второй чертенок к бегству. Чертенок, что обратился в камень, Линкольн Imp, все еще можно найти, застывшей в камне, заседания на вершине его в каменный столб Ангел хор.
Рен библиотеки


Рен Библиотека дома редкая коллекция свыше 277 рукописей, в том числе текст преподобного Беды.
Роуз Windows

Линкольн собора включает в себя два основных круглые окна, которые являются весьма необычные функции между средневековой архитектуры в Англии. На северной стороне собора находится "Eye Дин", который сохранился от первоначальной структуры здания, а на южной стороне находится "Глаз епископа", который, скорее всего, восстановлено около 1325-1350. Это южного окна является одним из крупнейших примеры криволинейных рисунок видели в средневековой архитектуры. Криволинейные узор является одной из форм узор, где узоры непрерывных кривых. Эта форма часто делается в стрельчатые арки и квадраты окон, поскольку эти самые легкие формы, так круговой пространство окна уникальная задача дизайнеров. Решение было создано, что называется по кругу, чтобы быть разделены на более мелкие формы, которые сделали бы проще проектировать и создавать. Кривые были сделаны в окно, которое создано четыре различных областях круга. Это сделало помещения в пределах круга, где узор пойдет гораздо меньше, и легче работать. В этом окне также интересна и уникальна тем, что основное внимание в узор был перенесен от центра круга, а не устанавливаться в других разделах. Стекло в окне было столь же трудно, как узор для многих из той же самой причине, поэтому конструкторы приняли решение сократить на сумму иконографии внутри окна. Большинство окон собора в это время отображается множество красочных образов Библии, однако в Линкольн Есть очень мало изображений. Некоторые из этих образов, которые можно увидеть в окне включить святых Павла, Андрея, и Джеймс.
Перекрытия деревянные

Деревянные фермы обладает солидным и надежным источником поддержки для строительства, поскольку через их соединения они в состоянии противостоять ущерба и по-прежнему сильны. Треугольники являются самыми сильными форму, поскольку независимо от того, где сила уделяется им, что они могли использовать свои 3 суставов в максимально возможной степени для того, чтобы противостоять силам, предъявляемых к нему. Создание фермы с треугольниками внутри больших треугольников добавляет еще больше сил, как это видно в хоре Линкольна. Дизайн всех деревянных ферм очень утомительное занятие, как Есть много разных вещей, которые необходимо учитывать при строительстве этих опор. Есть много разных способов, которые могут не фермы, если они не предназначены или построены правильно, поэтому так важно разработать ферм, которые подходят конкретные здания с учетом индивидуальных пожеланий клиента. Простейшая форма фермы является рама, однако, большое количество внешних осевая раз здесь часто приводит к тому фермы на провал. Кроме того, когда они равны луч создает треугольную форму, хотя это иногда может пучка прогибаться, если общая фермы слишком велик. Ни один из этих примеров были бы пригодны для Линкольн-за огромных размеров крыши. Они бы не в состоянии поддержать здания, поэтому воротник балок и королева должностей были добавлены в проект в целях предотвращения провисания. Для защиты от ветра ущерб, подтяжки были добавлены. Среднее стропила были добавлены дизайн для того, чтобы вес был равномерно. Хор Санкт Хью имеет в общей сложности 36 ферм по поддержанию крыша на месте, и он поднял полностью с помощью собственного веса и силы.
Своды

Одним из основных архитектурных особенностей Линкольн собора впечатляющие сводами. Различные своды внутри собора, как говорят, как оригинальных, так и экспериментальные. Простое сравнение различных хранилищах видели в Линкольне ясно показывает, что большое творчества принимал участие при проектировании собора. Своды особенно четко определить экспериментальные аспект рассматривается в Линкольн. Есть несколько различных хранилищ, которые отличаются от нефа, в проходах, хора и часовни собора. Вдоль прохода Северной существует непрерывная ребра хребет с очередной аркады, которая игнорирует заливов. Между тем, на юге Проход есть разрывными ребра хребет, который ставит акцент на каждой отдельной бухте. Северо-Западный Часовня имеет четырехсторонних своды и Южной своды часовни, которые проистекают из одного центрального колоннах. Использование sexpartite своды возможность для более естественного света ввести собор через зенитный фонарь окна, которые были размещены внутри каждой отдельной бухте. Сент-Хью хор экспонатов крайне редко сводами. Оно представляет собой ряд асимметричных сводами, которые появляются почти быть диагональной линии созданы два ребра с одной стороны, перевод на только одно ребро с другой стороны из подземелья. Эта модель делит пространство сводов и заливов, прекрасно делает акцент на заливах. Своды главе дома интересны. Это круглого здания, в одной колонке, где 20 ребер продлить с. Каждая отдельная область Линкольн могут быть определены только путем различных сводов пространства. Каждое хранилище, или каждый вариант свода, свежо и оригинально. Они иллюстрируют инновационное мышление и творческие подходы. Существует никаких сомнений, что эти своды, и все другие экспериментальные аспекты Линкольн пришел с небольшой риск, однако результаты поистине замечательное.
Сегодня


По данным сайта собор, более 1 млн. фунтов стерлингов в год расходуется на поддержание собора формы; Самый последний проект был завершен восстановление Западного фронта в 2000 году. Около десяти лет назад было обнаружено, что полет опоры
Flying опоры
Летать опоры, или подпорная арка, представляет собой специфический тип опоры обычно на культовые здания, не все из которых являются соборов. Они используются для передачи горизонтальной силы сводчатым потолком через стены и через промежуточные пространства, в противовес снаружи здания ...

эс-на восточном конце уже не связаны с соседней каменной кладки, и ремонтные работы были приняты меры для предотвращения краха. Последняя проблема была открытием, что каменные глазных окно Дин в трансепт начала рушиться, а это означает, что полная реконструкция окно должно быть проведено в соответствии с природоохранными критериям, установленным Международным советом по охране памятников и исторических мест
Международный совет по охране памятников и исторических мест
Международный совет по охране памятников и исторических мест представляет собой профессиональную ассоциацию, которая работает для сохранения и охраны культурного наследия мест по всему миру ...

.

Был период большого беспокойства, когда выяснилось, что каменная кладка нужен только для смены 5 мм для всего окна к краху. Специалист инженеров удалить ажурные окна перед установкой более прочной, более стабильной замены. В дополнение к этому оригинальный витраж был очищен и установить за новые четкие изотермические стекла, который обеспечивает более высокую защиту от элементов. По состоянию на апрель 2006 года ремонт был завершен проект стоимостью 2 млн. фунтов стерлингов.

В последнее время обеспокоенность растет еще раз о состоянии Западного фронта, как произошли некоторые каменные снижается, что вызывает вопросы в отношении эффективности ремонтных работ в 2000 году.

Линкольн собор в настоящее время является очень популярным местом и посещают свыше 250 тысяч туристов в год. Полу-обязательный вступительный взнос в будний день посещения составляет £ 6,00, которая взимается при поступлении во время туристического сезона. Собор предлагает туры собора, башни и крыши. Пике своей сезон Линкольн Рождественская ярмарка
Линкольн Рождественская ярмарка
Линкольн Рождественская ярмарка, которая состоялась в Линкольне, Англия, является одним из крупнейших рынков в Европе Рождество, привлекая до 250 тысяч посетителей за 4 дня событие ....

, Сопровождающееся значительным годовым производством Генделя
Георг Фридрих Гендель
Георг Фридрих Гендель был немецко-английский барочный композитор, известный своими операми, оратории, и концерты. Гендель родился в Германии в том же году И. С. Баха и Доменико Скарлатти. Он получил музыкальное образование критической в Италии до осесть в Лондоне, и становится натурализованным ...

Мессия
Мессия (Гендель)
Мессия Английский оратории состоят на Георга Фридриха Генделя, а также является одним из самых популярных работ в западной хоровой литературы. Либретто Карла Дженненс обращается исключительно из короля Джеймса и Великой Библии, и интерпретирует христианское учение о Мессии ...

. Текущего епископ Линкольна д-р Джон Saxbee. Нынешний декан собора высокопреподобие Филипп Баклер
Филипп Баклер
Высокопреподобие Джон Филипп Уорр Баклер, М. является нынешний декан Линкольн; должность он занимает с 2006.-образование: Баклер получил образование в Хайгейт школа и колледж Святого Петра в Оксфорде перед тренировкой для священства в Каддесдон колледж в Оксфорде. -Министерство: С 1972 по 1975 год, Баклер было ...

, Которые ранее были Canon казначей собора Святого Павла в Лондоне.
Хор

Хор в настоящее время формируется из 10 Викарс Лай (три из них хоровой ученых), группа C. 20 мальчиков и команда C. 20 девочек.

Собор Принимаем женский певчих в 1995 году. Линкольн был только второй собор в стране, в хор принять отдельный девочек, после собора Солсбери
Собора Солсбери
Солсбери собор англиканской собор в Солсбери, Англии, считает один из ведущих примеры раннего английского architecture.The основная часть была закончена только в 38 лет ....

И остается одним из немногих, кто предоставляет так же музыкальные возможности и равные обязанности еженедельно пение мальчиков и девочек. Все певчие получают образование в Линкольн-министр школы
Линкольн-министр школы
Линкольн-министр школа является независимым совместного учебного дня и школы-интерната в Линкольншир, Англия. Это дома ученых в области музыки, спорта и науки. Она состоит из трех школ: предварительные подготовительные, подготовительные, старшие классы и шестой форму ...

.

Директор Музыка Арик Прентис, который проводит хор девушек и мужчин, и помощник директора музыки и к югу от органист является Charles Harrison, который проводит хор мальчиков и мужчин. Лауреат органист является Колин Уолш
Колин Уолш
Колин Дэвида Уолша, бывший шотландский footballer.Born в Гамильтоне, Южный Ланаркшир, Walsh начал свою карьеру в менеджер Брайан Клаф в. Он сделал свой дебют в лиге лес на 29 ноября 1980 в качестве замены со счетом 1:1 в "Ковентри Сити" в возрасте 18 лет. Уолш взял на шотландских ...

, Ранее органист и мастер Певчие, и помощник органист Бенджамин Чеутер. Как и любой большой собор, Линкольн, сыграл свою роль органистов, которые добились международной известности: может быть, среди которых наиболее известные Уильям Берд
Уильям Берд
Уильям Берд был английский композитор эпохи Возрождения. Он писал во многих формах тока в Англии в то время, в том числе различные типы светских и церковных полифония, клавиатура и супруга music.-Происхождение: Наши знания о биографии Берда расширилась в последние годы, во многом благодаря ...

, Композитор эпохи Возрождения. Хотя уверенности в том, Берд родился в Линкольне как утверждается, он был органистом в кафедральном соборе с 1563 до 1572 и продолжает сочинять работ специально для хора собора после его отъезда.
Орган

Органа, один из лучших примеров работы "Отец" Генри Уиллис
Генри Уиллис
Генри Уиллис был британский игрок органов и строителя, который рассматривается в качестве главного строителя органа викторианской era.-Биография и работы: ...

, Начиная с 1898 (это был его последний собор органа до его смерти в 1901). Там были два его реставрации Харрисоном и Харрисон
Харрисон и Харрисон
Харрисон и Харрисон Ltd являются британские компании, которые делают и восстановление труб органов, базирующихся в Дарем и создана в 1861 году. Они хорошо известны за их работу над документами, такими как Кембриджский колледж Кинга, Вестминстерское аббатство и Royal Festival Hall ....

в 1960 и 1998 годах. Спецификация органа могут быть найдены на национальной труб Орган Регистра.
Органистов


* 1439 Джон Инглтон
* 1489 Джон Дэйви
* 1490 Джон Warcup
* 1506 Леонард Pepir
* 1508 Томас Ашуэлл
* 1518 Джон Уоткинс
* 1524 Джон Гилберт
* 1528 Роберт Дав
* 1538 Томас Appilby
* 1539 Джеймс Кроу
* 1541 Томас Appilby


* 1563 Уильям Берд
Уильям Берд
Уильям Берд был английский композитор эпохи Возрождения. Он писал во многих формах тока в Англии в то время, в том числе различные типы светских и церковных полифония, клавиатура и супруга music.-Происхождение: Наши знания о биографии Берда расширилась в последние годы, во многом благодаря ...

* 1572 Томас Батлер
* 1593 Уильям мальчиков
* 1594 Джон Hilton
* 1599 Томас Кингстон
* 1616 Джон Wanlesse
* 1660 Томас Mudd
* 1663 Андрей Hecht
* 1670 Джон чтения
* 1693 Томас Hecht
* 1693 Томас Аллинсон
* 1704 Джордж Холмс


* 1721 Чарльз Murgatroy
* 1741 Уильям Мидлбрук
* 1756 Ллойд Рейнор
* 1784 Джон Хастед
* 1794 Джордж Скелтон
* 1850 Джон Мэтью Уилсон Янг
Джон Мэтью Уилсон Янг
Джон Мэтью Уилсон Янг был английский органист. Он был старшим братом Уильям Джеймс Янг, также известный английский органист. Джон МВт Молодая был похоронен на кладбище в Ист-Гейт в Линкольн ...

* 1895 Джордж Беннетт
Джордж Джон Беннетт (органист)
Джордж Джон Беннетт был английский органист собора, который служил в Линкольн-Cathedral. Справочная информация: Джордж Джон Беннетт родился 5 мая 1863 в Андовер, Гемпшир. Учился в Королевской академии музыки, а также за рубежом по-Йозеф Rheinberger. литературы: ...

* 1930 Гордон Арчболд Слейтер
Гордон Арчболд Слейтер
Гордон Арчболд Слейтер был английский органист собора, который служил в соборе, и Лестер Линкольн-Cathedral. Справочная информация: Гордон Арчболд Слейтер родился 1 марта 1896 года в Harrogate.He был композитором органа, фортепиано и хорового ....

* 1966 Филипп Маршалл
Филипп Маршалл
Филипп Маршалл, английский органист собора, который служил в Линкольн собора и собора Рипон-Карьера: органист из: * Церковь св Ботолфас, Бостон * * Рипон собор Линкольна Храм-литературы: ...

* 1986 Дэвид наводнений
* 1988 Колин Уолш




С 2003 года эта должность была разделена: Colin Walsh стал лауреатом и органист Арик Прентис был назначен директором Music.
Помощник органистов

Articled учащихся выполняет роль помощника органиста до 1893 года, когда глава закрепил должность помощника органиста.

* Джон Hilton???? - 1594
* Уильям Джеймс Янг 1857 - 1858 (брат органист)
* Уильям Томас Фримантл 1870 -????
* Эрнест Вуд???? - 1882
* В. Р. Pullein
* Франк Pullein 1893 - 1894
* Эдгар Робинсон 1895 - 1899 (впоследствии органист Гейнсборо приходская церковь)
* Джон Pullein???? - 1903 (впоследствии органист церкви Св. Петра, Харрогит
Церковь Святого Петра, Харрогит
Церковь Св. Петра, Харрогит является приходской церкви в англиканской церкви, расположенные в Harrogate.-истории: церковь была сформирована из прихода Христова, высокого Харрогит ....

* Фридрих Дэвида Линли Пенни 1917 - 1921
* Уильям Уэллс Хьюитт 1922 - 1926 (впоследствии органист церкви Святой Троицы, Стратфорд-апон-Эйвон)
* Эдвард Фрэнсис Реджинальд Вулли 1926 - 1930 (позже органиста церкви Св. Марии Магдалины, Ньюарк-он-Трент
Церковь Святой Марии Магдалины, Ньюарк-он-Трент
Церковь Святой Марии Magadalene, Ньюарк-он-Трент является приходской церкви в англиканской церкви в Ньюарк-он-Трент в церкви является Nottinghamshire.The Оценка я перечислил Департаментом по делам культуры, СМИ и спорта, как строительство архитектурных и исторических interest. потенциала: Следует отметить, для ...

)
* Уиллис Грант
Уиллис Грант
Уиллис Грант, английский органист собора, который служил в кафедральном соборе Святого Филиппа, Birmingham.-Справочная информация: Грант Уиллис родился 1 мая 1907 в Болтоне, графство Ланкашир. Он получил образование в Астлей Bridge School ...

1931 - 1936 (впоследствии органист кафедрального собора Святого Филиппа, Бирмингем)
* Клиффорд Hewis 1936 -????
* Роджер Брайан 1975 - 1992 (позже органиста церкви Св. Марии Магдалины, Ньюарк-он-Трент
Церковь Святой Марии Магдалины, Ньюарк-он-Трент
Церковь Святой Марии Magadalene, Ньюарк-он-Трент является приходской церкви в англиканской церкви в Ньюарк-он-Трент в церкви является Nottinghamshire.The Оценка я перечислил Департаментом по делам культуры, СМИ и спорта, как строительство архитектурных и исторических interest. потенциала: Следует отметить, для ...

)
* Джеймс Антоний Вивиан 1992 - 1993 (и.о.)
* Джеффри Макинсон 1994 - 1999 (впоследствии помощником органиста собора Манчестера
"Манчестер собор
"Манчестер собор средневековой церкви на Виктория-стрит в центре Манчестера и является резиденцией епископа из Манчестера. официальное название собора является собор и Церковь Святого Мария, Санкт-Дени и Святого Георгия в Манчестере ...

)
* Саймон Морли 1999 - 2003
* Charles Harrison (помощник директора музыки и под органист 2003 -)
* Джулиан Томас
* Stephen Bullamore (в настоящее время органист Waltham Abbey
Waltham Abbey (аббатство)
Аббатство церковь Святого Креста Уолтем был местом поклонения, по крайней мере 1030, и в городе Waltham Abbey, графство Эссекс, Англия. Нулевой меридиан проходит через его grounds.-История: ...

)
* Ричард Апперли 2005 - 2007 (в настоящее время помощник органиста Веллингтон собор святого Павла
Веллингтон Собор святого Павла
палец | Вид chancelThe Веллингтон собор Святого Павла является кафедральным собором епархии англиканской Веллингтона и место его епископом Веллингтона ....

в Новой Зеландии)
* Бенджамин Чеутер 2008 - текущее


См. также Список органов ученых в Линкольн-собор.
Литература

* Важные сцены в D. H. Лоренс
D. H. Лоренс
Дэвид Герберт Лоуренс Ричардс был английский писатель, поэт, драматург, эссеист и литературный критик. Полное собрание его сочинений представляют расширенное размышление над бесчеловечной эффектов модернизации и индустриализации ...

'Роману, Rainbow, происходит в Линкольн собора.
* Собора функции Кен Фоллетт
Кен Фоллетт
Кен Фоллетт является британский автор триллеров и исторических романов. Он продал более 100 миллионов экземпляров его произведений.
Remigius de Fécamp

Remigius de Fécamp

Remigius de Fécamp was a Benedictine monk who was a supporter of William the Conqueror.-Early life:Remigius held the office of almoner at Fécamp Abbey. He was related to William in some unknown manner...

, first bishop of Lincoln, ordered the first cathedral to be built in Lincoln, in 1072. Before that, St. Mary's Church in Lincoln was a mother church but not a cathedral

Cathedral

A cathedral is a Christian church that contains the seat of a bishop...

, and the seat of the diocese was at Dorchester Abbey in Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. Lincoln was more central to a diocese that stretched from the Thames to the Humber. Bishop Remigius

Remigius de Fécamp

Remigius de Fécamp was a Benedictine monk who was a supporter of William the Conqueror.-Early life:Remigius held the office of almoner at Fécamp Abbey. He was related to William in some unknown manner...

built the first Lincoln Cathedral on the present site, finishing it in 1092 and then dying two days before it was to be consecrated

Consecration

Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service, usually religious. The word "consecration" literally means "to associate with the sacred". Persons, places, or things can be consecrated, and the term is used in various ways by different groups.A synonym for consecration is to...

on May 9 of that year. In 1141, the timber roofing was destroyed in a fire. Bishop Alexander

Alexander of Lincoln

Alexander of Lincoln was a medieval English bishop of Lincoln and member of an important administrative and ecclesiastical family. He was the nephew of Roger of Salisbury, the Bishop of Salisbury and Chancellor of England under King Henry I. Alexander was also related to other ecclesiastics,...

rebuilt and expanded the cathedral, but it was destroyed by an earthquake

Earthquake

An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves...

about forty years later, in 1185.

After the earthquake, a new bishop was appointed. The new bishop was St Hugh of Lincoln

Hugh of Lincoln

Hugh of Lincoln was at the time of the Reformation the best-known English saint after Thomas Becket.-Life:...

, originally from Avalon

Avalon

Avalon is a legendary island featured in the Arthurian legend, famous for its beautiful apples...

, France

France

France , officially the French Republic , is a state in Western Europe with several of its overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea,...

; he began a massive rebuilding and expansion programme. Rebuilding began at the east end of the cathedral, with an apse and five small radiating chapels. The central nave was then built in the Early English Gothic

Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....

style. Lincoln Cathedral soon followed other architectural advances of the time - pointed arches, flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting were added to the cathedral. This allowed the creation and support of larger windows.

The cathedral is the 3rd largest in Britain (in floor space) after St Paul's

St Paul's Cathedral

St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral on Ludgate Hill, the highest point in the City of London, England, and is the seat of the Bishop of London. The present building dates from the 17th century and was designed by Sir Christopher Wren. It is generally reckoned to be London's fifth St Paul's...

and York Minster

York Minster

York Minster is a Gothic cathedral in York, England and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe alongside Cologne Cathedral. The Minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest office of the Church of England, and is cathedral for the Diocese of York; it is run by a...

, being by . It is Lincolnshire's largest building and until 1549 the spire was reputedly the tallest medieval tower in Europe, though the exact height has been a matter of debate. Accompanying the cathedral's large bell, Great Tom of Lincoln, is a quarter-hour striking clock. The clock was installed in the early 19th century.

There are thirteen bells in the south-west tower, two in the north west tower, and five in the central tower (including Great Tom).

The matching Dean's Eye and Bishop’s Eye were added to the cathedral during the late Middle Ages. The former, the Dean's Eye in the north transept dates from the 1192 rebuild begun by St Hugh, it was finally completed in 1235. The latter, the Bishop’s eye, in the south transept was re-constructed 100 years later in 1330. A contemporary record, “The Metrical Life of St Hugh”, refers to the meaning of these two windows (one on the dark, north, side and the other on the light, south, side of the building):

“For north represents the devil, and south the Holy Spirit and it is in these directions that the two eyes look. The bishop faces the south in order to invite in and the dean the north in order to shun; the one takes care to be saved, the other takes care not to perish. With these Eyes the cathedral’s face is on watch for the candelabra of Heaven and the darkness of Lethe (oblivion).”

After the additions of the Dean’s eye and other major Gothic additions it is believed some mistakes in the support of the tower occurred, for in 1237 the main tower collapsed. A new tower was soon started and in 1255 the Cathedral petitioned Henry III

Henry III of England

Henry III was the son and successor of John as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 to his death. His contemporaries knew him as Henry of Winchester. He was the first child king in England since the reign of Æthelred the Unready...

to allow them to take down part of the town wall to enlarge and expand the Cathedral, including the rebuilding of the central tower and spire. They replaced the small rounded chapels (built at the time of St Hugh) with a larger east end to the cathedral. This was to handle the increasing number of pilgrims to the Cathedral, who came to worship at the shrine of Hugh of Lincoln

Hugh of Lincoln

Hugh of Lincoln was at the time of the Reformation the best-known English saint after Thomas Becket.-Life:...

.

In 1290 Eleanor of Castile died. As his Queen Consort of England, King Edward I

Edward I of England

Edward I , also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons...

decided to honour her with an elegant funeral procession. After embalming, which in the thirteenth century involved evisceration, Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln cathedral, and Edward placed a duplicate of the Westminster

Westminster Abbey

The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to popularly and informally as Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic church, in Westminster, London, England, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster...

tomb there. The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and replaced with a 19th-century copy. On the outside of Lincoln Cathedral are two prominent statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor, but these images were heavily restored in the 19th century and probably were not originally intended to depict the couple.

Between the years 1307 and 1311 the central tower was raised to its present height of 83 m

Metre

The metre , symbol m, is the base unit of length in the International System of Units . Originally intended to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole, its definition has been periodically refined to reflect growing knowledge of metrology...

(271 feet). The western towers and front of the cathedral were also improved and heightened. At this time, a tall lead-encased wooden spire topped the central tower but was blown down in a storm in 1548. With its spire, the tower reputedly reached a height of 525 feet (160 m) (which would have made it the world's tallest structure, surpassing the Great Pyramid of Giza

Great Pyramid of Giza

The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact...

, which held the record for almost 4000 years). This height is agreed by most sources but has been doubted by others. Other additions to the cathedral at this time included its elaborate carved screen and the 14th century misericords, as was the Angel choir. For a large part of the length of the cathedral, the walls have arches in relief with a second layer in front giving the illusion of a passageway along the wall. However the illusion does not work, as the stonemason, copying techniques from France, did not make the arches the correct length needed for the illusion effect.

In 1398 John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford

Katherine Swynford

Katherine Swynford , née Roet , was the daughter of Payne de Roet, a Flemish herald from Hainault.Katherine became the third wife of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and their descendants were the Beaufort family, which...

founded a chantry

Chantry

Chantry is the English term for a fund established to pay for a priest to celebrate a series of sung Masses for a specified purpose, generally for the soul of the deceased donor. Chantries thus came to own lands given by donors, the income from which went to maintain the chantry priest...

there to pray for their souls, and in the 15th century the building of the cathedral turned to chantry or memorial chapels. The chapels next to the Angel Choir were built in the Perpendicular style, with an emphasis on strong vertical lines, which survive today in the window tracery and wall panelling.

Magna Carta

The Bishop of Lincoln, Hugh of Wells, was one of the signatories to the Magna Carta

Magna Carta

Magna Carta, also called Magna Carta Libertatum , is an English legal charter, originally issued in the year 1215. It was written in Latin and is known by its Latin name...

and for hundreds of years the Cathedral has held one of the four remaining copies of the original which is now securely displayed in Lincoln Castle

Lincoln Castle

Lincoln Castle is a major castle constructed in Lincoln, England during the late 11th century by William the Conqueror on the site of a pre-existing Roman fortress. It remained in use as a prison and law court into modern times, and is one of the better preserved castles in England; the Crown...

. There are three other surviving copies; two at the British Library

British Library

The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom. The library is one of the world's largest research libraries, holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats: books, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, patents, databases, maps, stamps,...

and one at Salisbury Cathedral

Salisbury Cathedral

Salisbury Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in Salisbury, England, considered one of the leading examples of Early English architecture.The main body was completed in only 38 years....

.

In 2009 the Lincoln Magna Carta was loaned to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library

Ronald Reagan Presidential Library

The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Center for Public Affairs is the presidential library and final resting place of Ronald Wilson Reagan, the 40th President of the United States. Designed by Hugh Stubbins and Associates, the library is located in Simi Valley, California, about northwest of...

in Simi Valley, California.

The Lincoln Imp

One of the stone carvings within the Cathedral is the Lincoln Imp

Lincoln Imp

The Lincoln Imp is the symbol of the City of Lincoln, the county town of Lincolnshire, England.According to a 14th-century legend two mischievous creatures called imps were sent by Satan to do evil work on Earth. After causing mayhem in Northern England, the two imps headed to Lincoln Cathedral...

. There are several variations of the legend surrounding the figure.

According to 14th-century legend, two mischievous creatures called imps were sent by Satan to do evil work on Earth. After causing mayhem elsewhere in Northern England the two imps headed to Lincoln Cathedral where they smashed tables and chairs and tripped up the Bishop. An angel appeared in the Angel Choir and ordered them to stop. One of the imps sat atop a stone pillar and started throwing rocks at the angel whilst the other imp cowered under the broken tables and chairs. The angel turned the first imp to stone allowing the second imp to escape. The imp that turned to stone, the Lincoln Imp, can still be found, frozen in stone, sitting atop his stone column in the Angel Choir.

Wren library

The Wren Library houses a rare collection of over 277 manuscripts, including the text of the Venerable Bede.

Rose Windows

Lincoln Cathedral features two major rose windows, which are a highly uncommon feature among medieval architecture in England. On the north side of the cathedral there is the “Dean’s Eye” which survives from the original structure of the building and on the south side there is the “Bishop’s Eye” which was most likely rebuilt circa 1325-1350. This south window is one of the largest examples of curvilinear tracery seen in medieval architecture. Curvilinear tracery is a form of tracery where the patterns are continuous curves. This form was often done within pointed arches and squared windows because those are the easiest shapes, so the circular space of the window was a unique challenge to the designers. A solution was created that called for the circle to be divided down into smaller shapes that would make it simpler to design and create. Curves were drawn within the window which created four distinct areas of the circle. This made the spaces within the circle where the tracery would go much smaller, and easier to work with. This window is also interesting and unique in that the focus of the tracery was shifted away from the center of the circle and instead placed in other sections. The glazing of the window was equally as difficult as the tracery for many of the same reason; therefore, the designers made a decision to cut back on the amount of iconography within the window. Most cathedral windows during this time displayed many colorful images of the bible; however at Lincoln there are very few images. Some of those images that can be seen within the window include saints Paul, Andrew, and James.

Wooden Trusses

Wooden trusses offer a solid and reliable source of support for building because through their joints they are able to resist damage and remain strong. Triangles are the strongest shape because no matter where the force is being placed on them they are able to use their three joints to their fullest extent in order to withstand the forces being placed on it. Making trusses with triangles inside of larger triangles adds even more strength, as seen in Lincoln’s choir. The design of all wooden trusses is a tedious task as there are many different things that need to be considered while building these supports. There are many different ways that the trusses can fail if they are not designed or built properly, therefore it is crucial to design trusses that suit a specific building with specific needs in mind. The simplest form of a truss is an A frame; however, the great amount of outward thrust generated here often times causes the truss to fail. The addition of a tie beam creates a triangular shape, although this beam can sometimes sag if the overall truss is too large. Neither one of these examples would have been suitable for Lincoln due to the sheer size of the roof. They would have failed to support the building, therefore collar beams and queen posts were added to the design in order to help prevent sagging. To protect against wind damage, braces were added. Secondary rafters were also added to the design to ensure that the weight was equally distributed. Saint Hugh’s Choir has a total of thirty six trusses keeping the roof in place, and it is held up entirely by using its own weight and forces.

Vaults

One major architectural feature of Lincoln Cathedral are the spectacular vaults. The varying vaults within the cathedral are said to be both original and experimental. Simply comparing the different vaults seen in Lincoln clearly shows that a great deal of creativity was involved when designing the cathedral. The vaults especially, clearly define the experimental aspect seen at Lincoln. There are several different kinds of vaults that differ between the nave, aisles, choir, and chapels of the cathedral. Along the North Aisle there is a continuous ridge rib with a regular arcade that ignores the bays. Meanwhile, on the South Aisle there is a discontinuous ridge rib that puts an emphasis on each separate bay. The North West Chapel has quadripartite vaults and the South Chapel has vaults that stem from one central support columns. The use of sexpartite vaults allowed for more natural light to enter the cathedral through the clerestory windows, which were placed inside of each separate bay. Saint Hugh’s Choir exhibits extremely unusual vaults. It is a series of asymmetrical vaults that appear to almost be a diagonal line created by two ribs on one side translating into only a single rib on the other side of the vault. This pattern divides up the space of the vaults and bays, perfectly placing the emphasis on the bays. The chapter house vaults are also interesting. It is a circular building with one column where twenty ribs extend from. Each separate area of Lincoln can be identified solely by the different vaults of the space. Each vault, or each variation of the vault, is fresh and original. They illustrate innovative thinking and great creativity. There is no doubt that these vaults, and all of the other experimental aspects of Lincoln came with a slight risk; however the results are truly wonderful.

Today

According to the cathedral website, over £1 million a year is spent on keeping the cathedral in shape; the most recent project completed has been the restoration of the West Front in 2000. About ten years ago it was discovered that the flying buttress

Flying buttress

A flying buttress, or arc-boutant, is a specific type of buttress usually found on religious buildings, not all of which are cathedrals. They are used to transmit the horizontal force of a vaulted ceiling through the walls and across an intervening space , to a counterweight outside the building...

es on the east end were no longer connected to the adjoining stonework, and repairs were made to prevent collapse. The most recent problem was the discovery that the stonework of the Dean's Eye window in the transept was crumbling, meaning that a complete reconstruction of the window has had to be carried out according to the conservation criteria set out by the International Council on Monuments and Sites

International Council on Monuments and Sites

The International Council on Monuments and Sites is a professional association that works for the conservation and protection of cultural heritage places around the world...

.

There was a period of great anxiety when it emerged that the stonework only needed to shift 5mm for the entire window to collapse. Specialist engineers removed the window's tracery before installing a strengthened, more stable replacement. In addition to this the original stained glass was cleaned and set behind a new clear isothermal glass which offers better protection from the elements. By April 2006 the renovation project was completed at a cost of £2 million.

Recently, concerns have been growing once more about the state of the West Front, as there has been some stonework falling, which has raised questions as to the effectiveness of the repairs carried out in 2000.

Lincoln Cathedral is at present a very popular destination and is visited by over 250,000 tourists a year. The semi-mandatory entrance fee for weekday visiting is £6.00, which is charged on admission throughout the tourist season. The cathedral offers tours of the cathedral, the tower and the roof. The peak of its season is the Lincoln Christmas Market

Lincoln Christmas Market

Lincoln Christmas Market, held in Lincoln, England, is one of the largest Christmas markets in Europe, attracting up to 250,000 visitors over the four day event....

, accompanied by a massive annual production of Handel's

George Frideric Handel

George Frideric Handel was a German-English Baroque composer who is famous for his operas, oratorios, and concertos. Handel was born in Germany in the same year as JS Bach and Domenico Scarlatti. He received critical musical training in Italy before settling in London and becoming a naturalised...

Messiah

Messiah (Handel)

Messiah is an English oratorio composed by George Frideric Handel, and is one of the most popular works in the Western choral literature. The libretto by Charles Jennens is drawn entirely from the King James and Great Bibles, and interprets the Christian doctrine of the Messiah...

. The current Bishop of Lincoln is Dr John Saxbee. The current Dean of the Cathedral is the Very Reverend Philip Buckler

Philip Buckler

The Very Reverend Philip John Warr Buckler, MA is the current Dean of Lincoln; a post he has held since 2006.-Education:Buckler was educated at Highgate School and St Peter's College, Oxford before training for the priesthood at Cuddesdon College, Oxford.-Ministry:From 1972 to 1975, Buckler was...

, who had previously been Canon Treasurer of St. Paul's Cathedral in London.

Choir

The Choir is currently formed of 10 Lay Vicars (three of whom are choral scholars), a team of c. 20 boys and a team of c. 20 girls.

The Cathedral accepted female choristers in 1995. Lincoln was only the second Cathedral in the country to adopt a separate girls' choir, after Salisbury Cathedral

Salisbury Cathedral

Salisbury Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in Salisbury, England, considered one of the leading examples of Early English architecture.The main body was completed in only 38 years....

, and remains one of few who provide exactly the same musical opportunities and equal weekly singing duties to both girls and boys. All the choristers are educated at Lincoln Minster School

Lincoln Minster School

Lincoln Minster School is an independent co-educational day and boarding school in Lincolnshire, England. It houses scholars in music, sport and academics. It comprises three schools: the pre-preparatory, preparatory, senior school and sixth form...

.

The Director of Music is Aric Prentice, who conducts the choir of girls and men, and the Assistant Director of Music & Sub-Organist is Charles Harrison, who conducts the choir of boys and men. The Organist Laureate is Colin Walsh

Colin Walsh

Colin David Walsh is a former Scottish footballer.Born in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Walsh started his career under manager Brian Clough at . He made his league debut for Forest on 29 November 1980 as a substitute in a 1–1 draw at Coventry City aged 18. Walsh was picked for the Scottish...

, previously Organist and Master of the Choristers, and the Assistant Organist is Benjamin Chewter. Like any great cathedral, Lincoln has had its share of organists who have achieved international renown: perhaps the most famous is William Byrd

William Byrd

William Byrd was an English composer of the Renaissance. He wrote in many of the forms current in England at the time, including various types of sacred and secular polyphony, keyboard and consort music.-Provenance:Our knowledge of Byrd's biography has expanded in recent years, thanks largely to...

, the Renaissance composer. Although it is uncertain whether Byrd was born in Lincoln as has been claimed, he was organist at the Cathedral from 1563 until 1572 and continued to compose works specifically for the cathedral choir after his departure.

Organ

The organ is one of the finest examples of the work of 'Father' Henry Willis

Henry Willis

Henry Willis was a British organ player and builder, who is regarded as the foremost organ builder of the Victorian era.-Early Life and work:...

, dating from 1898 (it was his last cathedral organ before his death in 1901). There have been two restorations of it by Harrison & Harrison

Harrison & Harrison

Harrison & Harrison Ltd are a British company that make and restore pipe organs, based in Durham and established in 1861. They are well known for their work on instruments such as King's College Cambridge, Westminster Abbey and the Royal Festival Hall....

in 1960 and 1998. The specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

Organists

• 1439 John Ingleton
• 1489 John Davy
• 1490 John Warcup
• 1506 Leonard Pepir
• 1508 Thomas Ashwell
• 1518 John Watkins
• 1524 John Gilbert
• 1528 Robert Dove
• 1538 Thomas Appilby
• 1539 James Crowe
• 1541 Thomas Appilby

• 1563 William Byrd
  William Byrd
  William Byrd was an English composer of the Renaissance. He wrote in many of the forms current in England at the time, including various types of sacred and secular polyphony, keyboard and consort music.-Provenance:Our knowledge of Byrd's biography has expanded in recent years, thanks largely to...
  
  
• 1572 Thomas Butler
• 1593 William Boys
• 1594 John Hilton
• 1599 Thomas Kingston
• 1616 John Wanlesse
• 1660 Thomas Mudd
• 1663 Andrew Hecht
• 1670 John Reading
• 1693 Thomas Hecht
• 1693 Thomas Allinson
• 1704 George Holmes

• 1721 Charles Murgatroy
• 1741 William Middlebrook
• 1756 Lloyd Raynor
• 1784 John Hasted
• 1794 George Skelton
• 1850 John Matthew Wilson Young
  John Matthew Wilson Young
  John Matthew Wilson Young was an English organist. He was elder brother to William James Young , also a well known English organist. John M.W. Young was buried in the cemetery at East Gate in Lincoln...
  
  
• 1895 George Bennett
  George John Bennett (organist)
  George John Bennett was an English cathedral organist, who served in Lincoln Cathedral.-Background:George John Bennett was born on 5 May 1863 in Andover, Hampshire. He studied at the Royal Academy of Music and also abroad under Josef Rheinberger.-References:...
  
  
• 1930 Gordon Archbold Slater
  Gordon Archbold Slater
  Gordon Archbold Slater was an English cathedral organist, who served in Leicester Cathedral and Lincoln Cathedral.-Background:Gordon Archbold Slater was born on 1 March 1896 in Harrogate.He was a composer of organ, piano and choral music....
  
  
• 1966 Philip Marshall
  Philip Marshall
  Philip Marshall was an English cathedral organist, who served in Lincoln Cathedral and Ripon Cathedral-Career:Organist of:*St Botolph's Church, Boston *Ripon Cathedral *Lincoln Cathedral -References:...
  
  
• 1986 David Flood
• 1988 Colin Walsh

From 2003 the post was divided: Colin Walsh became Organist Laureate and Aric Prentice was appointed Director of Music.

Assistant organists

Articled pupils fulfilled the role of assistant organist until 1893 when the Chapter formalised the position of assistant organist.

• John Hilton ???? - 1594
• William James Young 1857 - 1858 (brother of the organist)
• William Thomas Freemantle 1870 - ????
• Ernest Wood ???? - 1882
• W. R. Pullein
• Frank Pullein 1893 - 1894
• Edgar Robinson 1895 - 1899 (afterwards organist of Gainsborough Parish Church)
• John Pullein ???? - 1903 (afterwards organist of St. Peter's Church, Harrogate
  St. Peter's Church, Harrogate
  St. Peter's Church, Harrogate is a parish church in the Church of England located in Harrogate.-History:The church was formed out of the parish of Christ Church, High Harrogate....
  
  
• Frederick David Linley Penny 1917 - 1921
• William Wells Hewitt 1922 - 1926 (afterwards organist of Church of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon)
• Edward Francis Reginald Woolley 1926 - 1930 (later organist of Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent
  Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent
  The Church of St. Mary Magadalene, Newark-on-Trent is a parish church in the Church of England in Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire.The church is Grade I listed by the Department for Culture, Media & Sport as a building of outstanding architectural or historic interest.-Building:It is notable for...
  
  )
• Willis Grant
  Willis Grant
  Willis Grant was an English cathedral organist, who served in St. Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham.-Background:Willis Grant was born on 1 May 1907 in Bolton, Lancashire. He was educated at Astley Bridge School...
  
  1931 - 1936 (afterwards organist of St. Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham)
• Clifford Hewis 1936 - ????
• Roger Bryan 1975 - 1992 (later organist of Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent
  Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent
  

  The Church of St. Mary Magadalene, Newark-on-Trent is a parish church in the Church of England in Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire.The church is Grade I listed by the Department for Culture, Media & Sport as a building of outstanding architectural or historic interest.-Building:It is notable for...
  
  )
• James Antony Vivian 1992 - 1993 (acting)
• Jeffrey Makinson 1994 - 1999 (afterwards assistant organist of Manchester Cathedral
  Manchester Cathedral
  

  Manchester Cathedral is a medieval church on Victoria Street in central Manchester and is the seat of the Bishop of Manchester. The cathedral's official name is The Cathedral and Collegiate Church of St Mary, St Denys and St George in Manchester...
  
  )
• Simon Morley 1999 - 2003
• Charles Harrison (Assistant Director of Music and Sub Organist 2003- )
• Julian Thomas
• Stephen Bullamore (now organist of Waltham Abbey
  Waltham Abbey (abbey)
  The Abbey Church of Waltham Holy Cross has been a place of worship since at least 1030, and is in the town of Waltham Abbey, Essex, England. The Prime Meridian passes through its grounds.-History:...
  
  )
• Richard Apperley 2005 - 2007 (currently Assistant Organist of Wellington Cathedral of Saint Paul
  Wellington Cathedral of Saint Paul
  thumb|View of the chancelThe Wellington Cathedral of St Paul is the cathedral church of the Anglican Diocese of Wellington and the seat of its bishop of Wellington....
  
  in New Zealand)
• Benjamin Chewter 2008 - current

See also the List of Organ Scholars at Lincoln Cathedral.

Literature

• An important scene in D. H. Lawrence
  D. H. Lawrence
  David Herbert Richards Lawrence was an English author, poet, playwright, essayist and literary critic. His collected works represent an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation...
  
  's novel, The Rainbow, takes place at Lincoln Cathedral.
• The cathedral features in Ken Follett
  Ken Follett
  Ken Follett is a British author of thrillers and historical novels. He has sold more than 100 million copies of his works. Four of his books have reached the number 1 ranking on the New York Times best-seller list : The Key to Rebecca, Lie Down with Lions, Triple and World Without End.-Early...
  
  's novel The Pillars of the Earth
  The Pillars of the Earth
  The Pillars of the Earth is a historical novel by Ken Follett published in 1989 about the building of a cathedral in Kingsbridge, England. It is set in the middle of the twelfth century, primarily during the time sometimes called The Anarchy, between the time of the sinking of the White Ship and...
  
  .

Film

• The cathedral was used for the filming of The Da Vinci Code (based on the book of the same name
  The Da Vinci Code
  

  The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 mystery-detective fiction novel written by an American author, Dan Brown. It follows symbologist Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu as they investigate a murder in Paris's Louvre Museum and discover a battle between the Priory of Sion and Opus Dei over the possibility of...
  
  ). Filming took place mainly within the cloisters and chapter house of the cathedral, and remained a closed set. The Cathedral took on the role of Westminster Abbey
  Westminster Abbey
  The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to popularly and informally as Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic church, in Westminster, London, England, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster...
  
  , as the Abbey had refused to permit filming. Although there was protest at the filming, the filming was completed by the end of August 2005. In order to make the Lincoln chapter house appear similar to the Westminster Chapter House, murals were painted on a special layer over the existing wall, and elsewhere polystyrene replicas of Isaac Newton's tomb and other Abbey monuments were set up. For a time these murals and replicas remained in the Chapter House, as part of a Da Vinci Code exhibit for visitors, but in January 2008 they were all sold off in an auction to raise money for the Cathedral.
• The cathedral also doubled as Westminster Abbey for the film Young Victoria, filmed in September 2007.

Wartime history

• Lincolnshire was home to many RAF Bomber Command
  RAF Bomber Command
  RAF Bomber Command was the organisation that controlled the RAF's bomber forces from 1936 to 1968. During World War II, the command destroyed a significant proportion of Nazi Germany's industries and many German cities, and in the 1960s was at the peak of its postwar power with the V bombers and a...
  
  airfields during the Second World War, giving rise to a nickname of 'Bomber County'. Lincoln Cathedral was an easily recognisable landmark for crews returning from raids over Germany, and as such took on much importance to the men. Appropriately, it currently has the only memorial in the United Kingdom dedicated to Bomber Command in the Second World War.

See also

• Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
  Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
  The medieval cathedrals of England, dating from between approximately 1040 and 1540, are a group of twenty-six buildings which together constitute a major aspect of the country’s artistic heritage and are among the most significant material symbols of Christianity. Though diversified in style, they...
  
  
• Church of England
  Church of England
  The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the oldest among the communion's thirty-eight independent national and regional churches...
  
  
• English Gothic architecture
  English Gothic architecture
  English Gothic is the name of the architectural style that flourished in England from about 1180 until about 1520.-Introduction:As with the Gothic architecture of other parts of Europe, English Gothic is defined by its pointed arches, vaulted roofs, buttresses, large windows, and spires...
  
  
• List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom
• List of tallest churches
• Romanesque architecture
  Romanesque architecture
  Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of Medieval Europe, characterized by semi-circular arches, and evolving into the Gothic style, characterised by pointed arches, beginning in the 12th century...
  
  

External links

• Choir Association Website
• Lincoln Cathedral Official Website
• The Cathedral Church of Lincoln: a history and description of its fabric
• Large collection of pictures and info on Lincoln Cathedral
• Thayer's site; includes one whole book on the church
• The Association of the Friends of Lincoln Cathedral
• Capturing Lincoln Cathedral
• Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace – Lincoln Cathedral Pages
• A history of the choristers of Lincoln Cathedral
• Flickr images tagged Lincoln Cathedral
• Conserving the Dean's Eye window, Ingenia Magazine, December 2007
• Spire graphical reconstruction
• Detailed historic record for Lincoln Cathedral